Abstract

This proposal defines a standard API that enables EVM Blockchain-based companies (or also called “protocols”) to publish their financial information, specifically Income Statements and Balance Sheets, on- chain in a transparent and accessible manner through solidity smart contracts. This standard aims to emulate the reporting structure used by publicly traded companies in traditional stocks markets, like the SEC 10-Q filings. The financial statements include key information, namely as Revenue, Cost of Goods Sold, Operating Expenses, Operating Income, Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) and Earnings Per Share-Token (EPS), allowing investors to assess the financial health of blockchain-based companies in a standardized, transparent, clear and reliable format.

Motivation

The motivation of this ERC is to bring seriousness to the cryptocurrencies investments market. Currently, the situation is as follows:

The current state of token investment analysis is opaque, with most information presented in an abstract and non-quantitative form. This standard API ensures a consistent and reliable way for investors to evaluate blockchain projects based on real financial data published directly on-chain, not just speculative promises. This will establish a greater trust in the cryptocurrency markets and align token analysis with the standards of traditional equity markets.

Most ERC-20 Tokens representing EVM Blockchain-based companies (or also called “protocols”), DO NOT work the same way as a publicly traded stock that represents a share of ownership of the equity of that such company (so the user who buys a protocol’s ERC-20, is also now a share-holder and co-owner of the business, its profits and/or its dividends), but rather function as “commodities” such as oil; they are consumable items created by said EVM Blockchain-based company (or “protocol”) to be spent in their platform. They are publicly traded and advertised to be representing the underlying protocol like a share, working in practice the same way as a commodity and without any public, transparent and Clear Financial Information as publicly traded stocks have.

Added to that, most token research analysis reports that can be currently found on the internet are informal Substack or Twitter posts, with lots of abstract explanations about the features of the said protocol to invest in, that lack of transparent financial numbers and factual financial information, that are made by anonymous users without real exposed reputations to affect.

This ERC will improve that by giving users and investors transparent, clear and factual financial information to work with when analyzing as a potential investment the such EVM Blockchain-based company that implements this ERC in their solidity smart contracts, and that will generate trust, transparency and seriousness in the cryptocurrencies investments market long term.

Specification

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.

All Transparent Financial Statements Standard implementations MUST implement ERC-20 to represent shares, and the financial numbers such as Revenue, Costs of Goods Sold, Operating Expenses, Operating Income, EBITDA, Other Income and Expenses, Net Income and Earnings Per Share MUST be displayed in the value of the protocol’s stablecoin of choice.

All Transparent Financial Statements MUST implement ERC-20’s optional metadata extensions. The name and symbol functions SHOULD reflect the underlying token’s name and symbol in some way.

All methods MUST be of visibility external.

All methods MUST return their financial numbers valued in the provided stablecoin.

If the contract owner uses data or methods from other owned smart contracts external to their smart contract implementation of this standard, those smart contracts MUST be verified in the correspondent blockchain explorer and of open and visible source code.

Timestamp Constraint: For all methods, startTimestamp MUST be less than or equal to endTimestamp. If startTimestamp is equal to endTimestamp, the method returns a balance sheet snapshot. If startTimestamp is less than endTimestamp, the method returns an income statement for that period.

Output Structs: Instead of a single uint256 value, each method returns a struct with one or OPTIONAL more uint256 entries to allow for detailed financial data, each one with their own customized entry name.

Definitions:

  • Currency: The individual stablecoin used to value the publicly displayed financial numbers.
  • Revenue: Total earnings from selling products or services before expenses.
  • Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): Direct costs for producing goods/services, including labor and materials.
  • Operating Expenses: Expenses like Selling, General, and Administrative, Research and Development, and other operational costs.
  • Operating Income: Revenue minus operating expenses.
  • EBITDA: Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization.
  • Other Income and Expenses: Non-operating income, such as interest, investment gains or losses.
  • Net Income: Profit after all expenses, taxes, and deductions.
  • EPS: Earnings per Share Token (ERC-20), showing profit allocated per share.

Methods

stablecoinAddress

Returns the address of the individual stablecoin used to value the publicly displayed financial numbers.

- name: stablecoinAddress
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    /none/
  outputs:
    - name: currencyAddress
      type: address

revenue

Returns total revenue generated by the protocol within a time period.

- name: revenue
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: RevenueStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: grossRevenue
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalRevenueDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalRevenueDetailN
          type: uint256

cogs

Returns the cost of goods sold within a specified period.

- name: cogs
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: COGSStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalCOGS
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalCOGSDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalCOGSDetailN
          type: uint256

operatingExpenses

Returns the total operating expenses within a specified period.

- name: operatingExpenses
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: OperatingExpensesStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalOperatingExpenses
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalExpenseDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalExpenseDetailN
          type: uint256

operatingIncome

Returns operating income for the specified period (Revenue - COGS - Operating Expenses).

- name: operatingIncome
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: OperatingIncomeStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalOperatingIncome
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalIncomeDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalIncomeDetailN
          type: uint256

ebitda

Returns EBITDA for the given period.

- name: ebitda
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: EBITDAstruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalEBITDA
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalEBITDADetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalEBITDADetailN
          type: uint256

otherIncomeExpenses

Returns non-operating income and expenses, such as interest and investment gains or losses, for the specified period.

- name: otherIncomeExpenses
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: OtherIncomeExpensesStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalOtherIncome
          type: uint256
        - name: totalOtherExpenses
          type: uint256
        - name: totalOtherIncomeDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: totalOtherExpensesDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: totalOtherIncomeDetailN
          type: uint256
        - name: totalOtherExpensesDetailN
          type: uint256

netIncome

Returns net income for the period (Operating Income + Other Income/Expenses - Taxes - Depreciation).

- name: netIncome
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: NetIncomeStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: totalNetIncome
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalNetIncomeDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: optionalAdditionalNetIncomeDetailN
          type: uint256

earningsPerShare

Returns Earnings Per Share Token (EPS) for the period.

- name: earningsPerShare
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: EPSstruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: basicEPS
          type: uint256
        - name: dilutedEPS
          type: uint256
        - name: EPSDetail1
          type: uint256
        - name: EPSDetailN
          type: uint256

fullFinancialReport

Returns a comprehensive struct that includes all the prior financial details of the protocol combined: Revenue, COGS, Operating Expenses, Operating Income, EBITDA, Other Incomes and Expenses, Net income, and EPS into a unified Struct.

- name: fullFinancialReport
  type: function
  visibility: external
  stateMutability: view
  inputs:
    - name: startTimestamp
      type: uint256
    - name: endTimestamp
      type: uint256
  outputs:
    - name: FullFinancialsStruct
      type: struct
      fields:
        - name: RevenueStruct
          type: struct
        - name: COGSStruct
          type: struct
        - name: OperatingExpensesStruct
          type: struct
        - name: OperatingIncomeStruct
          type: struct
        - name: EBITDAstruct
          type: struct
        - name: OtherIncomeExpensesStruct
          type: struct
        - name: NetIncomeStruct
          type: struct
        - name: EPSstruct
          type: struct

Rationale

ERC-20 is enforced because implementation details like Earnings Per Token calculation directly carry over to the accounting. This standardization makes the Transparent Financial Statements compatible with all ERC-20 use cases.

This implementation enables the protocol to share their financial information both as their latest updated Balance Sheet (if the user chooses to just see a current snapshot of the financial state of the company) and as an Income Statement (if the user chooses to see the evolution of the financial state of the company between two different block timestamps) and also is thought to interact with other separated Smart Contracts of the same protocol from which the financial information will be sent.

Backwards Compatibility

Transparent Financial Statements Standard is fully backward compatible with the ERC-20 standard and has no known compatibility issues with other standards.

Reference Implementation

NOTE: This Reference Implementation is a placeholder. It will be improved in the future from the feedback received. 

// SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
pragma solidity 0.8.27;

interface IERC20 {
    function name() external view returns (string memory);
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
}

contract TransparentFinancialStatements {

    address public stablecoin;

    struct RevenueStruct {
        uint256 grossRevenue;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalRevenueDetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalRevenueDetailN;
    }

    struct COGSStruct {
        uint256 totalCOGS;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalCOGSDetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalCOGSDetailN;
    }

    struct OperatingExpensesStruct {
        uint256 totalOperatingExpenses;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalExpenseDetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalExpenseDetailN;
    }

    struct OperatingIncomeStruct {
        uint256 totalOperatingIncome;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalIncomeDetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalIncomeDetailN;
    }

    struct EBITDAstruct {
        uint256 totalEBITDA;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalEBITDADetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalEBITDADetailN;
    }

    struct OtherIncomeExpensesStruct {
        uint256 totalOtherIncome;
        uint256 totalOtherExpenses;
        uint256 totalOtherIncomeDetail1;
        uint256 totalOtherExpensesDetail1;
        uint256 totalOtherIncomeDetailN;
        uint256 totalOtherExpensesDetailN;
    }

    struct NetIncomeStruct {
        uint256 totalNetIncome;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalNetIncomeDetail1;
        uint256 optionalAdditionalNetIncomeDetailN;
    }

    struct EPSstruct {
        uint256 basicEPS;
        uint256 dilutedEPS;
        uint256 EPSDetail1;
        uint256 EPSDetailN;
    }

    struct FullFinancialsStruct {
        RevenueStruct revenue;
        COGSStruct cogs;
        OperatingExpensesStruct operatingExpenses;
        OperatingIncomeStruct operatingIncome;
        EBITDAstruct ebitda;
        OtherIncomeExpensesStruct otherIncomeExpenses;
        NetIncomeStruct netIncome;
        EPSstruct eps;
    }

    constructor(address _stablecoin) {
        stablecoin = _stablecoin;
    }

    function currency() public view returns (address) {
        return stablecoin;
    }

    function revenue(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (RevenueStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return revenue details
        return RevenueStruct(1000, 500, 100); // Example values
    }

    function cogs(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (COGSStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return COGS details
        return COGSStruct(400, 150, 50); // Example values
    }

    function operatingExpenses(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (OperatingExpensesStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return operating expenses details
        return OperatingExpensesStruct(300, 100, 50); // Example values
    }

    function operatingIncome(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (OperatingIncomeStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return operating income details
        return OperatingIncomeStruct(300, 100, 50); // Example values
    }

    function ebitda(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (EBITDAstruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return EBITDA details
        return EBITDAstruct(700, 200, 100); // Example values
    }

    function otherIncomeExpenses(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (OtherIncomeExpensesStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return other income/expenses details
        return OtherIncomeExpensesStruct(100, 50, 20, 10, 30, 20); // Example values
    }

    function netIncome(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (NetIncomeStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return net income details
        return NetIncomeStruct(600, 200, 100); // Example values
    }

    function earningsPerShare(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (EPSstruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return EPS details
        return EPSstruct(10, 8, 2, 1); // Example values
    }

    function fullFinancialReport(uint256 startTimestamp, uint256 endTimestamp) 
        public 
        view 
        returns (FullFinancialsStruct memory) 
    {
        require(startTimestamp <= endTimestamp, "Invalid timestamps");
        // Logic to calculate and return all financial details
        return FullFinancialsStruct(
            revenue(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            cogs(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            operatingExpenses(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            operatingIncome(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            ebitda(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            otherIncomeExpenses(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            netIncome(startTimestamp, endTimestamp),
            earningsPerShare(startTimestamp, endTimestamp)
        );
    }
}

Security Considerations

This ERC involves displaying critical financial data on-chain, so special attention must be paid to ensure the accuracy and security of the data, particularly in preventing tampering or manipulation of key financial figures. Further discussion on validation mechanisms and audits for the smart contracts containing financial data is necessary.

Needs discussion.

Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.